Leukocytoclastic Vasculitis (LCV) refers to a small vessel vasculitis which typically involves capillaries, postcapillary venules, and arterioles with inflammatory infiltrates composed mainly of neutrophils with fibrinoid necrosis and degradation fragments of nucleic components. It predominantly affects the skin. The most commonly associated systemic diseases when LCV is suspected, are pANCA and cANCA associated vasculitides, connective tissue diseases, cryoglobuilinemic vasculitis, and Henoch-Schonlein purpura.
Pulmonary Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (PLCH) is a rare cystic-nodular interstitial lung disease predominantly affecting the upper lung lobes in young male smokers. The disease presents as a hyperproliferation of Langerhans-like cells in inflammatory clusters with the presence of also eosinophils, neutrophils, and lymphocytes at the level of bronchovascular structures to extension into the lung parenchyma (stellate lesions). It is typically associated with obstructive ventilatory deficit and decreased DLCO.
Neuroendocrine neoplasms of unknown primary origin are uncommon, with most of these neoplasms arising from a clinically undetected primary site. Morphological features help identify neuroendocrine differentiation which is then confirmed with immunohistochemical workup. Classically, signet ring cell appearance is associated with adenocarcinomas. Tumors displaying simultaneously both morphologies are uncommon and can raise a number of differential diagnoses.
Odontomes are benign tumors which show completely differentiated epithelial and mesenchymal cells, making them odontogenic in origin. Structure resembling tooth is found i.e enamel, dentin and pulp tissue in varying proportions and degrees of development. According to WHO, the classification of odontomes include: Ameloblastic fibro-odontome, odontoameloblastoma, complex and compound odontomes [1].
Hydatid disease is a zoonoses caused by the larval stage of the cestode Echinococcus. The species known to cause infection in humans are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis, Echinococcus vogeli and Echinococcus oligarthus [1]. The increase in world travel and migration of people across continents has made hydatid disease endemic in both developed and developing countries [2]. Human become accidental hosts through the ingestion of foods contaminated by dog faeces containing Echinococcus granulosus eggs or due to close contact with pets carrying the parasite [1].
A patient afflicted with HIV is at a risk of numerous opportunistic diseases. Generalized lymphadenopathy, a manifestation of HIV itself, has a host of differential diagnoses. Multicentric Castleman disease is a rare lymphoproliferative disorder associated with HIV as reported in this case.
Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome (MIS) is an acute and serious sequela of SARS-CoV2 infection characterized by a dysregulated systemic immune and inflammatory response which has been associated with SARS-CoV-2 disease and vaccines [1]. From a clinical standpoint, it may be difficult to properly manage these patients who are acutely ill and in need of prompt medical intervention, but whose treatment, although urgent, ought to be nevertheless appropriate.
Adverse food reactions are a common reason for allergist consultation. Many patients assume that symptoms involving the oral cavity are related to allergies, but severe conditions like Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid (MMP), a chronic immunobullous condition, can be missed. MMP, also known as cicatricial pemphigoid, is a rare autoimmune blistering disorder involving autoreactive antibodies directed against various autoantigens in the basement membrane zone (BMZ) of skin and mucosae [1,2]. It usually affects elderly patients between the ages of 60 and 80, with a female predominance [1].
Hypersensitivity reactions to antineoplastic drugs can occur on first exposure or after repeated exposure. This type of adverse effect can be lethal if not managed by specialised personnel. The main families of cancer drugs that cause hypersensitivity include platinum complexes, taxanes, anthracyclines, and monoclonal antibodies. Discontinuation of a drug of these characteristics has a major impact on cancer patients, as they no longer receive a therapeutic line, which are limited in this type of pathology. The desensitisation technique allows the reintroduction of an antineoplastic agent, in this case trastuzumab, after suffering a hypersensitivity reaction
A soft tissue sarcoma is a heterogeneous group of neoplasms that predominately arise from cells of embryonic mesoderm, i.e., connective tissue, muscle, joints, fat, blood vessels, and peripheral nerves. Spindle cell neoplasm arises from the mesenchymal cells, which form the body's connective tissue system. These cells include neural, fibroblastic, myofibroblast, epithelial, or vascular tissue. Spindle cell sarcomas are usually deep-seated lesions arising from major nerves along the extremity with a preponderance of local recurrence [1].
Few case reports of lingual abscesses have been published in English literature over the last years [1]. These articles are our main source of information regarding cause, pathogens, treatment techniques and mortality rate of tongue abscesses [2]. Despite the possibility of a compromised airway, that may require urgent tracheostomy, most cases resolve with surgical drainage and antibiotics [1,3]. The challenge when dealing with lingual abscesses resides in the timely diagnosis, which is based upon clinical manifestations and radiological findings.
Polydipsia is a condition characterized by excessive water intake, often associated with various degrees of hypoosmolality and hyponatremia, and a suppression of ADH (Anti-Diuretic Hormone) production that causes polyuria. These features can be found either in secondary polydipsia, for instance in patients with diabetes insipidus (DI), or in primary polydipsia.
As with many types of vaccines, such as smallpox and seasonal influenza vaccines [1-3], there have been several reports of post-vaccination myocarditis with different types of COVID-19 vaccines [4,5]. We present the case of two young patients, aged 26 and 46 years, who developed acute myocarditis within two weeks after the second dose of mRNA anti-COVID-19 vaccines.
Thyroid Eye Disease (TED) is an autoimmune disorder associated in most cases with hyperthyroidism and less with euthyroid or hypothyroidism [1]. Ophthalmic manifestations can present in up to 50% of patients with Graves' disease [1]. Symptoms are extremely variable and can range from mild to severe. The occurrence of dysthyroid optic neuropathy (DON) is rare [1]. and constitutes about 4% to 8% of all complications [2].
Long-term complications after cesarean section like abnormal uterine bleeding, dysmenorrhea or chronic pelvic pain are often due to dehiscent uterine scars. A so-called niche can be detected by transvaginal ultrasound or gel instillation sonohysterography and is defined as a triangular anechoic filling defect, more precisely an opening in the myometrium in the lower uterine segment, at the site of the cesarean scar [1,2]. Here we present the case of a non-pregnant women with vaginal bleeding due to a ruptured hematoma in the cesarean section scar.
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